Juvenal: Diatribe Against the Women of Rome (c. 100 C.E.)

Juvenal was a Roman poet who lived and wrote in the first and second centuries C. E. and although very little is known of his life, Juvenal is best known for composing the sixteen poems, together called the Satires. It must be kept in mind that Juvenal was not commenting on all of Roman society, but only the elite members who in fact were his audience.

[Now] tell me — if thou canst not love a wife,
Made thine by every tie, and thine for life,
Why wed at all? Why waste the wine and cakes,
The queasy-stomach’d guest, at parting, takes?
And the rich present, which the bridal right
Claims for the favors of the happy night,
The platter where triumphantly in scroll’d
The Dacian hero shines in current gold?
If thou canst love, and thy besotted mind
Is so uxoriously to one inclined,
Then bow thy neck, and with submissive air,
Receive the yoke thou must forever wear.

To a fond spouse, a wife no mercy shows
But warmed with equal fires, enjoys his woes.
She tells thee where to love and where to hate,
Shuts out the ancient friend, whose beard thy gate
Knew from its downy to its hoary state:
And when rogues and parasites of all degrees
Have power to will their fortune as they please,
She dictates thine, and impudently dares
To name thy very rivals for thy heirs.

“Go crucify that slave.” “For what offence?
Who’s the accuser? Where’s the evidence?
Hear all! no time, whatever time we take
To sift the charges, when man’s life’s at stake,
Can e’er be long: hear all, then, I advise !” —
“Thou sniveler! is a slave a man?” she cries:
“He’s innocent? — be it so, — ’tis my command,
My will: let that, sir, for a reason stand.”

Thus the virago triumphs, thus she reigns:
Anon she sickens of her first domains,
And seeks for new; — husband on husband takes,
Till of her bridal veil one rent she makes.
Again she tires, again for change she burns,
And to the bed she lately left returns,
While the fresh garlands and unfaded boughs,
Yet deck the portal of her wondering spouse.
Thus swells the list — “Eight husbands in five years;”
A rare inscription on their sepulchres!

While thy wife’s mother lives, expect no peace.
She teaches her with savage joy to fleece
A bankrupt spouse; kind creature! she befriends
The lover’s hopes, and when her daughter sends
An answer to his prayer, the style inspects,
Softens the cruel, and the wrong corrects. . .

Women support the bar, they love the law,
And raise litigious questions for a show,
They meet in private and prepare the Bill
Draw up instructions with a lawyer’s skill,
Suggest to Celsus where the merits lie,
And dictate points for statement or reply.

Nay more, they fence, who has not marked their oil,
Their purple rugs, for tins preposterous toil?
Equipped for fight, the lady seeks the list
And fiercely tilts at her antagonist,
A post! which with her buckles she provokes,
And bores and batters with repeated strokes,
Till all the fencer’s art can do she shows,
And the glad master interrupts her blows. . . .

[Or when the lady is being dressed to receive a gentleman friend, it is a sad time for her maid trying to please her mistress.]

The house appears–
Like Phalaris’s court, all bustle, gloom and tears.
The wretched Psecas, for the whip prepared,
With locks disheveled, and with shoulders bared,
Attempts her hair; fire flashes from her eyes,
And “wretch! why this curl so high?” she cries.
Instant the lash, without remorse, is plied,
And the blood stains her bosom, back and side.
Another trembling on the left prepares
To open and arrange the straggling hairs
To ringlets trim; meanwhile the council meet,
And first the nurse, a personage discreet,
Gives her opinion; then the rest in course
As age or practice lend their judgment force,
So warm they grow, and so much pains they take,
You’d think her honor or her life at stake,
So high they build her head, such tiers on tiers,
With wary hands, they pile, that she appears
Andromache before; — and what behind?
A dwarf, a creature of a different kind!


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